CHAPTER ONE
Introduction
Background to the study
The disease called tuberculosis (TB) existed right from the ancient time and the cause of it was unknown until 1882 when Robert Koch confirmed its’ etiological agent to be tubercle bacillus. TB is a specific infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which affects lungs, intestines, meninges, bones and joints, lymph glands, skin and tissues of the body (Park, 2007). In a related definition, the Federal Ministry of Health, FMOH, (1997) stated that it is a communicable, systemic disease caused by tubercle bacillus called mycobacterium tuberculosis. In this study, TB can be defined as a systemic chronic infectious disease caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis, which affects the lungs, intestine, meninges, bone, and joints, lymph glands, skin and other tissues of the body. TB has signs and symptoms.
The signs and symptoms of TB which affects the lungs are persistent cough lasting two weeks or more, weight loss, coughing up blood, chest pain, fever, night sweats, tiredness, shortness of breath, and loss of appetite while the signs and symptoms of TB which affects other organs outside the lungs are back pain, swelling of spine, loss of functions in lower limbs, long standing bone infection, painful joints, with swelling usually affecting one joint, painful urination, blood in urine, frequent urination, hoarseness of voice, pain on swallowing, neck stiffness and long stand ulcer despite antibiotic treatment (AmericanThoracis Society ATS 1999; World Health Organization WHO1996; FMOH, 2010). The signs and symptoms of TB can be used to suspect that someone is having TB. In addition, its’ diagnosis can be made by other means.
Pulmonary Tuberculosis according to WHO (1996) and Park (2007) can be diagnosed by sputum smear microscopy, chest X-ray, tuberculin skin test, clinical features (using signs and symptoms) and sputum culture. The knowledge of diagnosis of TB among the workers involved in TB work is very necessary in the sense that suspects will not be missed out.
There are four different types of tuberculosis, according to Lucas and Gilles (2003), Park (2007), and FMH (1997). Human, bovine, avian and typical strains of mycobacterium are the four different types of tuberculosis. Tuberculosis according to FMOH (1997) can affect the lungs and this is called pulmonary tuberculosis; and when it affects other organs outside the lungs it is called extra-pulmonary tuberculosis. All the four different types of tuberculosis are treated using the treatment regimen for tuberculosis.
The treatment regimen for TB includes rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, ethambutol, stroptmycin and thiacetazone. Treatment consist of 2 months (intensive phase) of isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, ethombuthol given daily and streptomcyin which is not added in most cases and 6 months (continuation phase) of isoniazed and ethambutol or thiacetazone or 4 months (continuation phase) of Rifampicin and Isoniazid (Lucas & Gilles, 2003; FMOH, 2010). This work intends to ascertain the level of knowledge of treatment regimen among the community health extention workers(CHEWs) involved in the treatment of tuberculosis. These workers use the above mentioned treatment regimen to treat TB patients.
According to FMOH (2008) and (2010), TB patients are persons with proven tuberculosis or with symptoms and signs suggestive of tuberculosis especially cough lasting for 2 weeks or more in Pulmonary tuberculosis. TBCTA (2006) explaining TB as a disease, submitted that a balanced approach emphasized both individual patient care and public health principles of disease control are essential to reduce the suffering and economic losses from tuberculosis. Again, TB as a disease is curable provided patients are detected early and treated promptly with the appropriate treatment regimen (FMOH, 2008).
| Project details | Contents |
|---|---|
| Number of Pages | 82 pages |
| Chapter one | Introduction |
| Chapter two | Literature review |
| Chapter three | methodology |
| Chapter four | Data analysis |
| Chapter five | Summary,discussion & recommendations |
| Reference | Reference |
| Questionnaire | Questionnaire |
| Appendix | Appendix |
| Chapter summary | 1 to 5 chapters |
| Available document | PDF and MS-word format |
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